20 questions!

Although you are looking in the book for your answers, please answer in your own words. Do not just copy directly from the book.

Please answer the questions on a separate piece of paper. Do not just print this out and cram your pen scratchings into what little space is provided. If your homework is not legible, you will have one chance to make it so. Typed homework is always welcome.

chapter 3 & appendix A: basics

1. Define chordophones and give five examples.
2. Define aerophones and give five examples.
3. Define idiophones and give five examples.
4. Define membranophones and give five examples.
5. What is pitch and what words can we use to describe it?
6. What is melody and what words can we use to describe it?
7. What is harmony?
8. What is rhythm?
9. What is syncopation?
10. What is dynamics?
11. What is timbre?
12. What is tempo?
13. What is meter?
14. What creates tension and resolution?
15. What is texture?
16. What is form?
17. What is a cadence?
18. Listen to the song "Sylvie" (CD 1, Track 1). Is there a beat in this music? Is it steady? Since there are no drums in this song, how do you know whether it has a beat or not?
19. Listen to the song "Body and Soul" (CD 1, Track 2). Describe the difference between sections "a" and "b."
20. Listen to the String Quartet by Haydn (CD 1, Track 3). Describe some of the ways that Haydn creates "cadences." In other words, what happens in the music that sounds like the end of an idea?

chapter 4: folk

1. What distinguishes folk music from art music?
2. What causes variations in folk songs?
3. What is a narrative ballad?
4. What does strophic mean?
5. What is a broadside?
6. What is a lyric song?
7. What is a work song?
8. What is a protest song?
9. What type of dance music is prominent in folk music?
10. What are Negro spirituals?
11. What form does blues music usually use?
12. What was the 1960’s folk revival?
13. What is urban blues?
14. Listen to "Barbry Allen." (CD 1, Track 5) Is there a strong sense of meter? (Hint: Is there a steady beat?)
15. Listen to "We Shall Overcome." (CD 1, Track 6) How is each verse similar? How is each verse different? Give some detailed examples.
16. Listen to "Soppin' the Gravy." (CD 1, Track 7) What instrument plays the melody? Describe what the other instruments are doing.
17. Listen to both versions of "Bourgeois Blues." (CD 1, Tracks 8 & 9 lyrics - slightly different) Compare how each of them treats rhythm. Which version has a steadier beat? Do both of them sing the lyrics with the same rhythms?
18. Listen to "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down." (CD 1, Track 10. lyrics) What is this song about? (If you're not sure, guess) Is this song strophic or not? Explain why. In your opinion, why would the songwriter choose this form for this story?
19. Listen to "Stormy Monday." (CD 1, Track 11. lyrics) Name five things that happen in this song that are typical of the blues and explain why.
20. Also in regards to "Stormy Monday:" The song presents the same chord progression 10 times. How do the performers create interest and variation from chorus to chorus?

chapter 5: religious music in America

1. What are the two types of psalm singing the developed in early America? Describe them.
2. What is a psalter? What groups preferred which psalters?
3. What is the Bay Psalm Book and why is it important?
4. What is "lining out?"
5. Why did churches start singing schools?
6. Who are three composers of American hymnody? How is each one important?
7. What did "gospel music" first mean?
8. What was "the Great Awakening" and what did it do for gospel music?
9. How did gospel music change along urban/rural and racial lines?
10. What did gospel music mean by the middle of the twentieth century?
11. What are some of the characteristics of modern black gospel music?
12. Who is considered the father of modern black gospel music and why?
13. How has gospel music continued to change?
Listen to "The Promised Land." (CD 1, Track 12)
14. Describe the texture: Is it several melodies happening at different tims (polyphonic) or is everyone singing with mostly the same rhythm (homophonic)?
15. Is there a meter and if so, is it duple or triple?
Listen to "Amazing Grace." (CD 1, Track 13)
16. How is each verse different? Describe what happens.
17. When the singers sing one melody (no harmonies), do they sing the melody in the exact same way? What is different?
Listen to "Nobody Knows the Trouble I Seen." (CD 1, Tracks 14 & 15)
18. What are the differences in timbre (instrumentation and vocal quality) between tracks 14 & 15?
19. What are the differences in beat and meter between tracks 14 & 15?
20. Compare track 15 to the 12-bar blues. (Look at page 79 in your book) Other than the obvious difference in the number of measures (bars), what else is different and what else is the same?

chapter 6: jazz

1. What is swing?
2. What is improvisation?
3. What instruments typically play jazz?
4. What styles of music form the roots of jazz?
5. What cultures merged to help create jazz? Where did this occur and why?
6. What was Jelly Roll Morton’s contribution to the New Orleans style?
7. What are five aspects of Chicago/Dixieland style?
8. How did Louis Armstrong influence the direction of jazz?
9. What is stride?
10. What is boogie-woogie?
11. What are the three categories of swing? Describe each.
12. What factors led to the creation of bebop?
13. What are some musical characteristics of bebop?
14. What is cool jazz?
15. What is hard bop?
16. What is funk?
17. What is free jazz?
18. What is fusion?
19. Listen to "Round Midnight" as played by Thelonius Monk. (CD 1, Track 17) Is the texture polyphonic (many ideas happening at once) or homophonic (melodies and harmonies all have the same rhythm)? Explain your answer.
20. Listen to "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight." (CD 1, Track 20) This is a remake of a pop song by James Taylor (who also sings on this version). What aspects of this song are like popular music? What aspects of this song are like jazz? Be thorough.

chapter 7: pop music

1. What is a "standard?"
2. What is a minstrel show and why is it important?
3. How did Tin Pan Alley create its songs? What are some musical aspects?
4. How are musicals connected to Tin Pan Alley? Who are some of the important composers?
5. How did film, radio, and recording affect popular music?
6. What is the difference between country music and southern folk music?
7. What is Hillbilly music and why did it become popular?
8. What instruments do you typically find in Western Swing?
9. What factors contributed to the creation of the Nashville Sound?
10. What instruments are typically part of a bluegrass band?
11. What is traditional R&B and in what does R&B represent now?
12. How did Berry Gordy create the Motown sound?
13. What kind of music does "soul" refer to?
14. What style of music did rap evolve from (according to the book)?
15. What are some of the cultural aspects of rock and roll that made it so attractive to 1950's youth?
16. How did the major recording labels deal with the popularity of the independent labels' rock music?
17. What events contributed to the British Invasion?
18. How has rock changed over the years?
19. How has R&B changed over the years?
20. Listen to "Backtrackin'." (CD 1, Track 21) What happens musically that indicates this is a bluegrass song and not a hillbilly, western, or country song?

chapter 8: other American musics

1. Why is Native American music viewed differently from other American musics?
2. What is a vocable and what is its purpose?
3. What is a pentatonic scale?
4. Ska and rock steady (a misprint in the book as merely "rock") developed into what style?
5. Where did salsa develop and who are some important salsa musicians?
6. Where did bossa nova develop who are some important musicians of that style?
7. What kinds of songs make up the tejano style?
8. What two ethnic styles combined to create zydeco?
9. What is klezmer and what instruments are typically found in a klezmer ensemble?
10. What factors influenced the music of South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico?
11. What kinds of wind, percussion, and string instruments are typical of Native Latin American music?
12. What are some of the typical folk-songs and dances in Latin American and Caribbean music?
13. How did the church influence Native South American music?
14. In what ways did European Classical music manifest itself in the music of South America and Mexico?
15. Listen to "Butterfly Dance." (CD 1, Track 22) Describe the melody and the timbre of the vocals.
16. Listen to "Ay Te Dejo En San Antonio." (CD 1, Track 23) The form is aab, each section having eight measures of two beats. Does "a" end with an open or closed cadence? What about "b?"
17. Listen to "Cielito Lindo." (CD 1, Track 24) Is this in duple or triple meter? What instruments help you know what the meter is?
18. Listen to "Der Bosfer." (CD 1, Track 25) What is unusual about the way the clarinet plays?
19. Listen to "Pajaro Campana." (CD 1, Tracks 26-27) This can be considered either duple or triple meter. How is that possible? What are instruments doing that would establish one over the other? Do you hear it more as duple or triple?
20. Listen to "Milonga." (CD 1, Track 28) What creates the sense of dance music in this piece?

chapter 9: world music

1. What is rasa?
2. What does a typical Indian ensemble consist of?
3. What is a raga?
4. What is a tala?
5. How do Indian musicians use the raga and tala?
6. What are some aspects of Indian popular music and how does it differ from our pop culture?
7. What happened to music in Japan during the Edo and Meiji periods?
8. What are some common practices in Japanese folk music?
9. What are gagku and kabuki? Describe them.
10. What are the koto, shakuhachi, and shamisen?
11. What are some differences in the way Africans perform and use music in contrast to Americans and Europeans?
12. How is rhythm used in African music?
Listen to "Bhimpalasi." (CD 2, Tracks 1-3)
13. What function do the sitar, the tabla, and the tambura have?
14. In track 3, what helps create the sense of beat? Is there a sense of meter?
Listen to "Kyo No Warabueta." (CD 2, Tracks 4-6)
15. Is this piece monophonic, homophonic, or polyphonic? Why?
16. Describe what happens rhythmically in this piece. Be thorough.
Listen to "Magonde." (CD 2, Track 7)
17. Describe what the mbira does.
18. Describe how the vocals fit in with the accompaniment.
Listen to "Yo Lé Lé." (CD 2, Track 8)
19. What aspects of this are African?
20. What aspects of this could be considered "Western?"

chapter 10: Western Classical Music up to 1600

1. What is monophony?
2. What is polyphony?
3. What is homophony?
4. How was Western Classical Music (WCM) influenced by the ancient Greeks?
5. Who was Pope Gregory I and why is he important?
6. What was notation for and why did it develop?
7. How did polyphonic music develop?
8. What were some problems with polyphony?
9. What is the difference between a High Mass and a Low Mass?
10. What are the five parts of the Ordinary?
11. What is a motet and what does the cantus firmus have to do with it?
12. What is a madrigal?
13. What is the Reformation and how did it affect music?
14. What was the primary function of instrumental music during the Medieval and Renaissance times?
15. Who are Josquin des Prez, Giovanni da Palestrina and Giovanni Gabrieli and why are they important?
16. Listen to "Benedicta Es." (CD2, Track 9) Describe the texture: monophonic, homophonic, or polyphonic? Is the melody mostly stepwise, mostly leaps, or an even mix of both? Is it modal or tonal? Why?
17. Listen to "Gloria" from Missa Benedicta Es. (CD2, Tracks 10-11) What kind of emotional effect does the polyphony have on the music? (This requires more than a one-word answer!)
18. Listen to "The Frog Galliard." (CD2, Track 12) Follow along in the listening guide on pages 228-229. The author mentions the presence of "antecedent" and "consequent" phrases. What might he mean by this? What happens musically to sound like an antecedent and a consequent phrase?
19. Listen to "If Ye Love Me." (CD2, Track 13) Follow along in the listening guide on page 230. The author presents a "map" of the textural changes in the piece. How do the changes in texture affect the meaning of the words?
20. Listne to "O Euchari in Leta Via." (CD2, Track 14) In this piece, a living composer "sampled" the work of a nun from the 11th century. The original song is kept in tact, but many things have been added around it. What sort of things have been added and to what effect?

chapter 11: WCM, Baroque 1600-1750

1. What happened to texture during the baroque period?
2. How does the author describe the tonic and the dominant?
3. What is a continuo and how does it work?
4. What is word painting?
5. How does Baroque music create contrast?
6. What are some typical elements of rhythm in Baroque music?
7. How did instrumental music change?
8. What is a concerto?
9. What is an overture?
10. What is a dance suite?
11. What is a sonata?
12. What is a fugue?
13. What is the difference between a cantata and an oratorio?
14. How did opera develop?
15. Where did Bach work?
16. What types of music did Bach compose?
17. What kind of music helped make Handel famous in his lifetime?
18. What is a recitative? What is an aria?
Listen to "Fugue in c minor, no. 2." (CD2, Track 15)
19. How many "voices" (melodic lines) are there? What are some things Bach does to differentiate between the "voices?"
20. What happens harmonically at the very end of piece?

chapter 12: WCM, Classic 1750-1820

1. What are the values of the Age of Reason?
2. What, according to the author, predominates in the music of the Classic Period?
3. What instruments made up a typical orchestra?
4. What kinds of chamber ensembles were common?
5. What were the four common instrumental genres? Describe them.
6. What happened with opera during the Classic Period?
7. What is the sonata form? In what genres was it used?
8. What is the exposition?
9. What is the development section?
10. What is the recapitulation?
11. In what ways did composers create variations in a Theme and Variations form?
12. What is a minuet and trio?
13. What is a rondo?
14. Who was Franz Haydn and why was he important?
15. Who was Wolfgang Mozart and why was he important?
16. Who was Ludwig van Beethoven and why was he important?
Listen to Symphony No. 39, movement IV by Mozart (CD2, Tracks 16-22)
17. Compare the first theme (track 16) and the second theme (track 17). How are they different emotionally and what does Mozart do to create those emotions?
18. Discuss the development section (track 20). In what ways does the main idea change? What kind of effect does that have?
Listen to
19. This is in rondo form. The "a" section is played five times throughout the piece (tracks 23, 25, 27, & 29). Is it exactly the same every time? What kind of an effect does that have?
20. The "b" section comes back twice and ideas from it happen in the coda. Are these the same every time? What is the same? What is different?

chapter 13: WCM, Romantic 1800-1900

1. What is the difference between absolute music and program music?
2. What texture was typical of Romantic music?
3. In what ways did Romantic composers experiment with rhythm?
4. How were the forms established in the Classical Period used in the Romantic Period?
5. What is a symphonic poem?
6. What are character pieces?
7. What are lieder?
8. Who was Clara Schumann and why was she important?
9. Who was Fanny Hensel and why was she important?
10. Who was Franz Schubert and why was he important?
11. Who was Felix Mendelssohn and why was he important?
12. Who was Frederic Chopin and why was he important?
13. Who was Johannes Brahms and why was he important?
14. Who was Richard Wagner and why was he important?
15. Who was Giuseppe Verdi and why was he important?
16. Who was Pyotr Tchaikovsky and why was he important?
Listen to Prelude no. 6 by Frederic Chopin. (CD2, Track 31)
17. What kind of texture is this? How do you know?
18. What is the overall mood of this piece? How does Chopin achieve this?
Listen to the excerpt from the Overture to Romeo and Juliet by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. (CD2, Tracks 32-34)
19. Do you think this is program music or absolute music or both? Why?
20. Describe the texture for both tracks 33 & 34. What kind of mood does Tchaikovsky create and why is the texture appropriate for that mood?

chapter 14: WCM, 20th Century

1. In what ways did instrumentation change?
2. In what ways did melody change?
3. In what ways did harmony change?
4. In what ways did form change?
5. What is Impressionism? What are some musical characteristics?
6. What is Neoclassicism? What are some musical characteristics?
7. Who was Igor Stravinsky and why was he important?
8. Who was Arnold Schoenberg and why was he important?
9. Who was Bela Bartok and why was he important?
10. What are some musical characteristics of Nationalism?
11. What is musique concréte?
12. Who was Edgard Varèse and why was he important?
13. What is Chance music?
14. Who was John Cage and why was he important?
15. What is Minimalism?
16. Why did some composers adopt more traditional styles of writing?
Listen to the second movement of "La Mer" by Claude Debussy. (CD2, Tracks 35-41)
17. "La Mer" is French for "the ocean." How does Debussy create the sense of being in the ocean? Be specific.
18. How does Debussy use melody in this work? Is it singable? Is it memorable as a tune or just as a feeling? If it's only memorable as a feeling, can we still consider it a melody? Why?
Listen to the first movement from "A Symphony of Psalms" by Igor Stravinsky. (CD2, Tracks 42-44)
19. How does Stravinsky create a sense of cadence in this piece? (How do you know where one idea ends and the next one begins?)
20. Describe the end of the piece. Does it sound finished? Why or why not?

chapter 15: WCM in the US

1. When did the split between popular and "classical" occur and why?
2. What factors have contributed to the "crossover" and fusion of styles?
3. How did German culture influence American music in the nineteenth century?
4. Why did Americans start going to France for their education?
5. Who was Charles Ives and why was he important?
6. Why did Ives use musical quotations?
7. Who was Aaron Copland and why was he important?
8. What are some ways Copland tried to create an "American" sound in classical music?
9. Who was Amy Beach and why was she important?
10. Who was Ruth Crawford Seeger and why was she important?
11. Who was William Grand Still and why was he important?
12. Who was Henry Cowell and why was he important?
13. Who was Louis Gottschalk and why was he important?
14. Who was George Gershwin and why was he important?
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